How have historical trends in the philosophy of science influenced the development of nursing knowledge in terms of theory building and research in advanced nursing practice?
FOURTH EDITION
Philosophies and Theories FOR ADVANCED NURSING
PRACTICE
FOURTH EDITION
Philosophies and Theories FOR ADVANCED NURSING
PRACTICE
Janie B. Butts, PhD, RN Professor, Emeritus
The University of Southern Mississippi School of Nursing Hattiesburg, Mississippi
Karen L. Rich, MN, PhD, RN Associate Professor, Retired
The University of Southern Mississippi School of Nursing Long Beach, Mississippi
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Butts, Janie B., editor. | Rich, Karen L., editor. Title: Philosophies and theories for advanced nursing practice / editors, Janie B. Butts and Karen L. Rich. Description: Fourth edition. | Burlington, Massachusetts : Jones & Bartlett Learning, [2022] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2021013738 | ISBN 9781284228823 (paperback) Subjects: MESH: Nursing Theory | Advanced Practice Nursing | Evidence-Based Nursing | Models, Nursing | BISAC: MEDICAL / Nursing / Research & Theory Classification: LCC RT42 | NLM WY 86 | DDC 610.73–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021013738
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PART I
CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 3
PART II
CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 5
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Brief Contents
Preface Acknowledgments About the Editors Contributors Application Examples of Philosophies, Theories, and Models
Foundations of Nursing Science
Philosophy of Science: An Introduction and a Grounding for Your Practice
The Evolution of Nursing Science
The Essentials of the Doctor of Nursing Practice: A Philosophical Perspective
The Structure and Function of Theory
Theory as Practice
Components and Levels of Abstraction in Nursing Knowledge
PART III
CHAPTER 6
CHAPTER 7
CHAPTER 8
CHAPTER 9
CHAPTER 10
CHAPTER 11
CHAPTER 12
CHAPTER 13
CHAPTER 14
CHAPTER 15
CHAPTER 16
CHAPTER 17
PART IV
CHAPTER 18
CHAPTER 19
CHAPTER 20
CHAPTER 21
Interdisciplinary Philosophies and Theories
Complexity Science and Complex Adaptive Systems
Critical Theory and Emancipatory Knowing
Feminist Ethics: Some Thoughts about “Care” and “Power” for Advanced Practice Nurses
Theories and Methods in Ethics
Educational and Learning Theories
Health Behavior Theories
Theories Focused on Interpersonal Relationships
Economic Theories
Theories of Organizational Behavior and Leadership
Theoretical Approaches to Quality Improvement
Theories Focused on Health Equity
Public Health Theories
Select Nursing Models and Theories
Models and Theories Focused on Nursing Goals and Functions
Models and Theories Focused on a Systems Approach
Models and Theories Focused on Human Existence and Universal Energy
Models and Theories Focused on Competencies and Skills
CHAPTER 22
CHAPTER 23
CHAPTER 24
PART V
CHAPTER 25
CHAPTER 26
Theories Focused on Caring
Models and Theories Focused on Culture
The Praxis Theory of Suffering
Tools for Integrating and Disseminating Knowledge in Advanced Nursology Practice
Theory Testing and Theory Evaluation
Using Theory in Evidence-Based Advanced Nursology Practice Index
PART I
CHAPTER 1
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Contents
Preface Acknowledgments About the Editors Contributors Application Examples of Philosophies, Theories, and Models
Foundations of Nursing Science
Philosophy of Science: An Introduction and a Grounding for Your Practice
E. Carol Polifroni Introduction Science Scientific Method for the Physical Sciences (Traditional) Aim of Science Scientific Methods in Human Science Criteria for Science Questions for the Practitioner Philosophy Philosophy of Science How Do We Know? Analytical Philosophy of Science
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 3
Continental Philosophy of Science Chaos and Complexity Science Summary Discussion Questions References
The Evolution of Nursing Science
Beth L. Rodgers Introduction The Impact of the Doctor of Nursing Practice Degree Science and Knowledge Nursing as a Discipline The Education of Nurses Delineating the Discipline The Idea of a Professional Discipline The Emergence of Nursing Science The Theory Movement in Nursing The Importance of Evaluating Philosophical Ideology The Search for a Nursing Paradigm Conceptual Problems and Concept Development The Postmodern Turn Pragmatism and Neopragmatism Critical Realism Emerging Trends in Nursing Science The Future of Nursing Knowledge Development Summary Discussion Questions References
The Essentials of the Doctor of Nursing Practice: A Philosophical Perspective
Lisa Astalos Chism, Nina McLain Introduction Overview of the DNP Degree Doctor of Nursing Practice Essentials Scientific Underpinnings for Practice Doctor of Nursing Practice Graduates and Use of Other Theories
PART II
CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 5
PART III
CHAPTER 6
Dilution of the Discipline of Nursing: Philosophical Considerations for DNP Graduates Summary Exemplar Acknowledgment from Dr. Lisa Chism References
The Structure and Function of Theory
Theory as Practice
Patricia Goodson Introduction: Defining Theory Theorizing and Theoretical Thinking Theory as Practice Theory Versus Practice Summary Discussion Questions References
Components and Levels of Abstraction in Nursing Knowledge
Janie B. Butts Introduction Components of Nursing Knowledge: The Knowledge Holarchy Using the Components in Practice Summary Discussion Questions References
Interdisciplinary Philosophies and Theories
Complexity Science and Complex Adaptive Systems
Joan C. Engebretson, Joanne V. Hickey Introduction Introduction to Complexity Science Background The Scientific Roots of Complexity Science
CHAPTER 7
CHAPTER 8
CHAPTER 9
Complex Adaptive Systems Complex Adaptive Systems, Complex Responsive Processes, and Organizations Implications for Practice Application to Health Care and Nursing Summary Discussion Questions References
Critical Theory and Emancipatory Knowing
Peggy L. Chinn Introduction Nursing’s Patterns of Knowing The Philosophical and Theoretical Foundations of Emancipatory Knowing in Nursing Implications of the Philosophy and Theory for Practice Summary Discussion Questions References
Feminist Ethics: Some Thoughts about “Care” and “Power” for Advanced Practice Nurses
Rosemarie Tong Introduction Care-Focused Feminist Approaches to Ethics Power-Focused Feminist Approaches to Ethics References
Theories and Methods in Ethics
Karen L. Rich Introduction Philosophical Inquiry Science: The Daughter of Philosophy Methods and Outcomes of Inquiry Perspectives on Theory Theoretical Approaches to Ethics Summary
CHAPTER 10
CHAPTER 11
CHAPTER 12
Discussion Questions References
Educational and Learning Theories
Margaret M. Braungart, Richard G. Braungart Introduction Learning Theory Behaviorist Learning Theory Cognitive Learning Theory Psychodynamic Learning Theory Humanistic Learning Theory Neuropsychology and Learning Using Learning Theories in Advanced Nursing Practice Summary Discussion Questions References
Health Behavior Theories
Karen Glanz, Lora E. Burke, Barbara K. Rimer Introduction The Evolution of Health Behavior Theory Trends in the Use of Theories and Models The Health Belief Model The Theory of Reasoned Action, the Theory of Planned Behavior, and the Integrated Behavioral Model The Transtheoretical Model and the Stages of Change Social Cognitive Theory Social Ecological Models Representational Approach Cross-Cutting Concepts Applications in Nursing and Nursing Research Discussion Questions References
Theories Focused on Interpersonal Relationships
Sandra Nelson
CHAPTER 13
CHAPTER 14
CHAPTER 15
Introduction A Sign of the Times: 1800s to 1970s Interpersonal Relations A Sign of the Times: 1970s to the Present Humanism/Caring Existentialism Nonnursing Theories Focused on Interpersonal Relationships Recovery-Oriented Systems of Care The New Normal: What Is Old Is New Again Back to the Future Discussion Questions References
Economic Theories
Sherry Hartman, Patsy Anderson Introduction The History and Beginning of Mainstream Economics Assumptions of Economic Theory Concepts, Relationships, and Principles in Economic Theories Market Failure Assessing Assumptions for Validity Economic Analysis of Clinical and Managerial Interventions Summary Discussion Questions References
Theories of Organizational Behavior and Leadership
Sandra Bishop, Patsy Anderson Introduction Classical Organizational Theory Neoclassical Organizational Theories Modern Organizational Theories Summary References
Theoretical Approaches to Quality Improvement
CHAPTER 16
CHAPTER 17
Patsy Anderson Introduction Florence Nightingale Ernest Codman W. Edwards Deming Joseph M. Juran Philip B. Crosby Avedis Donabedian Summary Resources Discussion Questions References
Theories Focused on Health Equity
Victoria L. Baker Introduction Health Equity Health Equity and Health Disparities Biased Care Model Social Determinants of Health Models Intergenerational Effects Models Intervention Models Equity-Transformative Framework for Addressing Structural Inequities and Structural Violence in Nursing Practice Implications for Advanced Practice Summary Discussion Questions References
Public Health Theories
Karen L. Rich Introduction Utilitarianism Theories of Justice Precautionary Principle Beneficence and Supererogation Paternalism
PART IV
CHAPTER 18
CHAPTER 19
CHAPTER 20
Framework for Prevention Summary References
Select Nursing Models and Theories
Models and Theories Focused on Nursing Goals and Functions
Kathleen Masters Introduction The Environmental Model of Nursing: Florence Nightingale Fourteen Components of Basic Nursing Care: Virginia Henderson The Behavioral System Model: Dorothy Johnson The Health Promotion Model: Nola J. Pender Summary Discussion Questions References
Models and Theories Focused on a Systems Approach
Martha V. Whetsell, Yolanda M. Gonzalez, María Elisa Moreno- Fergusson Introduction General Systems Theory The Roy Adaptation Model The King Conceptual System and Theory of Goal Attainment The Neuman Systems Model Analysis of the Models Summary Discussion Questions References
Models and Theories Focused on Human Existence and Universal Energy
Violet M. Malinski Introduction Rogers’s Science of Unitary Human Being Newman’s Theory of Health as Expanding Consciousness Rosemarie Rizzo Parse’s Humanbecoming Paradigm
CHAPTER 21
CHAPTER 22
CHAPTER 23
Summary Discussion Questions References
Models and Theories Focused on Competencies and Skills
Mary W. Stewart Introduction From Novice to Expert The American Association of Critical-Care Nurses Synergy Model for Patient Care Relationship-Based Care: A Model for Transforming Practice Compassion Competence Summary Discussion Questions References
Theories Focused on Caring
Joanne R. Duffy Introduction The Nursing as Caring Theory (Anne Boykin and Savina Schoenhofer) The Theory of Human Caring Science (Jean Watson) The Theory of Caring and Healing (Kristen Swanson) The Quality-Caring Model (Joanne R. Duffy) Summary Discussion Questions References
Models and Theories Focused on Culture
Larry Purnell Introduction Overview of Cultural Models and Theories Essential Terminology Related to Culture Cultural Self-Awareness Selected Cultural Models and Theories The Purnell Model for Cultural Competence Individual Professional Cultural Competence
CHAPTER 24
PART V
CHAPTER 25
CHAPTER 26
Organizational Cultural Competence Summary References
The Praxis Theory of Suffering
Janice M. Morse Introduction The Praxis Theory of Suffering Comfort and Comforting Summary Discussion Questions References Appendix: Reference List for Table 24-1
Tools for Integrating and Disseminating Knowledge in Advanced Nursology Practice
Theory Testing and Theory Evaluation 517
Jacqueline Fawcett Introduction The Science and Art of Theory Development The Science and Art of Theory Evaluation Summary References
Using Theory in Evidence-Based Advanced Nursology Practice
Jacqueline Fawcett Introduction Theory and Evidence Translational Research Types of Theories, Research, and Practice Tools Translating Theories into Practical Actions Summary References
Index
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Preface
Philosophies and Theories for Advanced Nursing Practice, Fourth Edition, edited by Janie B. Butts and Karen L. Rich, is an essential resource for advanced practice nurses and for students in graduate programs, including DNP, PhD, and master’s-level programs. Philosophies and theories provide a route or orientation to arrive at one’s desired goal or outcome. Favored philosophies and theories guide nurses both personally and professionally, probably more than they realize. Philosophies and theories are not esoteric conjectures; they are meaningful guideposts integral to everyday life.
Arrangement of the Book The book consists of 26 chapters presented in the following 5 parts:
Part I: Foundations of Nursing Science Part II: The Structure and Function of Theory Part III: Interdisciplinary Philosophies and Theories Part IV: Select Nursing Models and Theories Part V: Tools for Integrating and Disseminating Knowledge in Advanced Nursology Practice
The chapters in Parts I and II provide a conceptual foundation, exploring the philosophy of science, the development of nursing knowledge, and the application of theory to nursing. Advanced practice nurses and nursing students can use Parts I and II as preparation for the information in Part V, which covers theory evaluation, testing, and integrating, translating, and disseminating evidence-based findings from research to practice.
Part III focuses on a selection of interdisciplinary philosophies and theories relevant to advanced practice. Part IV presents select conceptual models, grand theories, and middle-range theories of nursing. Conceptual nursing models and grand nursing theories both bring advanced practice nurses a certain reality of conceptual arrangements, theoretical variables, and propositions used for deriving middle-range theory. Middle-range nursing theories derived from conceptual models and grand theories of nursing translate theory and research findings directly into practice.
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Acknowledgments
We would like to thank the Jones & Bartlett Learning staff, editors, and administrators for their diligent work and support. We also thank our colleagues who enthusiastically shared their expertise with us. The authors who contributed to this text are distinguished nursing and interdisciplinary scholars with expertise in theory. Without their contributions, we could not have completed this book. For these reasons, we extend to them a big thank-you!
Janie B. Butts and Karen L. Rich
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About the Editors
Janie B. Butts, PhD, RN The University of Southern Mississippi, College of Nursing, Hat tiesburg, Mississippi
Janie B. Butts, PhD, RN, is a professor emeritus at the University of Southern Mississippi, College of Nursing in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, and taught classroom and online nursing courses at the doctoral, master’s, and baccalaureate levels. Courses included- ethics, advanced theory, advanced practice issues, professional development, research, and professional nursing practice. From 2008 to 2015, Dr. Butts served as a consultant editor for Nursing Ethics journal, an international journal with headquarters in England. Specific research interests include death and dying ethical issues. Dr. Butts’s journal articles and book chapters include topics on ethics, her research, theory, education, professional issues, and home care ethics, and, before her retirement, she reviewed for top nursing journals and book publishers. Dr. Butts’s doctoral degree, with an emphasis in nursing education and nursing science, is from the University of Alabama, Birmingham, and her master’s degree, with an emphasis in adult health nursing and nursing management,
is from the University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi.
Karen L. Rich, PhD, RN The University of Southern Mississippi, College of Nursing, Long Beach, Mississippi
Karen L. Rich, PhD, RN, is a retired associate professor at the University of Southern Mississippi, College of Nursing in Long Beach, Mississippi, where she taught public health nursing, ethics, and professional development. Dr. Rich’s doctoral degree in nursing, with an emphasis in ethics, is from the University of Southern Mississippi. She has a master’s degree in public health nursing from Louisiana State University and a post-master’s in psychiatric–mental health nursing, nurse practitioner emphasis, from the University of Southern Mississippi. Before her retirement, Dr. Rich served as a consultant editor for the international Nursing Ethics journal. She served on the ethics committees of a large county hospital in Gulfport, Mississippi, and a private hospital in Biloxi, Mississippi. Dr. Rich has written numerous articles and book chapters about ethics and philosophy. Her special interests are communitarian ethics, virtue ethics, ethics in public health, Eastern philosophy and ethics, and critical thinking in nursing.
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Contributors
Patsy Anderson, DNS, RN Associate Professor PhD Coordinator, College of Nursing and Health Professions The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi
Victoria L. Baker, PhD, CPH, CNM Adjunct Faculty Department of Health Science College of Health and Human Services California State University Long Beach Long Beach, California
Sandra Bishop, DNS, RN Assistant Professor, Retired The University of Southern Mississippi, Gulf Coast Campus Long Beach, Mississippi
Margaret M. Braungart, PhD Professor Emeritus, Psychology Center for Bioethics and Humanities SUNY Upstate Medical University Syracuse, New York
Richard G. Braungart, PhD Professor Emeritus, Sociology
Maxwell School Syracuse University Syracuse, New York
Lora E. Burke, PhD, MPH, RN Professor School of Nursing and Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Janie B. Butts, PhD, RN Professor Emeritus The University of Southern Mississippi School of Nursing Hattiesburg, Mississippi
Peggy L. Chinn, PhD, RN, FAAN Professor Emerita School of Nursing University of Connecticut Storrs, Connecticut
Lisa Astalos Chism, DNP, APRN, BC, CSC, NCMP, FAANP Nurse Practitioner Oakland Macomb Breast Center Rochester Hills, Michigan Adjunct Volunteer Faculty University of Tennessee Health Science Center School of Nursing Adjunct Assistant Professor Wayne State University School of Medicine
Joanne R. Duffy, PhD, RN, FAAN Professor Department of Environments for Health Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis Indianapolis, Indiana
Joan C. Engebretson, DrPH, RN, AHN-BC, FSfAA, FAAN Professor of Nursing The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston, Texas
Jacqueline Fawcett, RN, PhD, FAAN, ANEF Professor
College of Nursing and Health Sciences University of Massachusetts, Boston Boston, Massachusetts
Karen Glanz, PhD, MPH Faculty Rollins School of Public Health Emory University Atlanta, Georgia
Yolanda M. Gonzalez, DNS, MSN Nursing Faculty Universidad de Panama Panama, Republic of Panama
Patricia Goodson, PhD Professor Department of Health and Kinesiology Texas A&M University College Station, Texas
Sherry Hartman, DrPH, RN Emeritus of Nursing The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg, Mississippi
Joanne V. Hickey, PhD, RN, ACNP-BC, FAAN, FCCM Professor, Patricia L. Starck Professor of Nursing Director, Doctor of Nursing Practice Program University of Texas at Houston, School of Nursing Houston, Texas
Violet M. Malinski, PhD, RN Associate Professor, Retired Hunter-Bellevue School of Nursing New York, New York
Kathleen Masters, DNS, RN Professor The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg, Mississippi
Nina McClain, PhD, RN Associate Professor Program Coordinator, Nurse Anesthesia The University of Southern Mississippi
Hattiesburg, MS
María Elisa Moreno-Fergusson, MSN, RN Nursing Faculty Universidad de La Sabana Bogotá, Columbia
Janice M. Morse, PhD, RN, FAAN Professor College of Nursing University of Utah Salt Lake City, Utah
Sandra Nelson, PhD, APRN-BC Associate Professor Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing Eastern Michigan University Ypsilanti, Michig